Actually, I think COMMON LISP will do better than PL/I did as a usable standard. Personally I think Scheme is the APL of LISPs. It's great for writing clever, unreadable hacks. Actually, the analogy could go: 1960's APL 1970's PASCAL PL/I 1980's Scheme ADA 1990's COMMON LISP PASCAL is teleologically similar to Scheme. Seth